CIHM 
Microfiche 
Series 
(l\/lonograplis) 


iCI\/IH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographles) 


u 


Canadian  Instttuta  for  Historical  Microraproductiont  /  Institut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historiquos 


©1996 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  technique  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best  original 
copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this  copy  which 
may  be  bibliographically  unique,  which  may  alter  any  of 
the  Images  in  the  reproduction,  or  which  may 
significantly  change  the  usual  method  of  filming  are 
checked  below. 


0 


n 


n 


Coloured  covers  / 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I     I  Covers  damaged  / 

' — '  Couverture  endommagee 

I     I  Covers  restored  and/or  laminated  / 

' — '  Couverture  restaur^  et/ou  pelliculee 

I     j  Cover  title  missing  /  Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

I     I  Coloured  maps  /  Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

I     I  Coloured  Ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)  / 

' — '  Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

I     I  Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations  / 

' — '  Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

I     I  Bound  with  other  material  / 

' — '  Relie  avec  d'autres  documents 


Only  edition  available  / 
Seule  ^ition  dispor.ible 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin  /  La  reliure  serree  peut 
causer  de  t'ombre  ou  de  la  distorsion  le  long  de 
la  marge  int^rieure. 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoratk^ns  n^y  appear 
within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these  have 
been  omitted  from  filming  /  II  se  peut  que  certaines 
pages  blanches  ajoutees  lors  d'une  restauration 
apparaissent  dans  le  texte,  m^,  torsque  c^  dtait 
possible,  ces  pages  n'ont  pas  ^te  filmdes. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  examplaire  qu'il  lui  a 
ete  possible  de  se  procurei.  Les  details  de  cet  exem- 
plaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du  point  de  vue  bibli- 
ographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier  une  image  reproduite, 
ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  modifications  dans  la  meth- 
ode  nomiale  de  filmage  sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


D 
D 

D 

0' 


Coloured  pages  /  Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged  /  Pages  endommagees 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Pages  restaur^s  et/ou  pellicul^s 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed  / 
Pages  decolor^es,  tachetees  ou  piquees 


I     I      Pages  detached  /  Pages  d^tachees 

r^    Showthrough  /  Transparence 

I     1      Quality  of  print  varies  / 

' — '      Qualite  inegale  de  I'impression 

I     I      Includes  supplementary  material  / 
' — '      Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

I  I  Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
' — '  slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image  /  Les  pages 
totalement  ou  partiellement  obscurcies  par  un 
leuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure,  etc.,  ont  6te  filmees 
a  nouveau  de  fagon  k  obtenir  la  meilleure 
image  possible. 

I  I  Opposing  pages  with  varying  colouration  or 
' — '  discolou rations  are  filmed  twice  to  ensure  the 
best  possible  image  /  Les  pages  s'opposant 
ayant  des  colorations  variatiles  ou  des  decol- 
orations sont  filmees  deux  fois  afin  d'obtenir  la 
meilleur  image  possible. 


D 


Additional  [Comments  / 
Commenta'res  siqapl^mentaiFes: 


This  item  is  f  limad  at  th*  rtduction  ratio  chtcked  btlow/ 

Cc  documtrit  est  filmi  au  taux  de  rMuction  indtqui  ci-detsous. 

lOX  ^4X  18X 


y 


Th*  copy  filmad  har*  hu  bamn  raproducad  thank* 
to  tha  ganaroaity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'axamplaira  lUmt  fut  raproduit  grica  ^  la 
gAntrositt  da: 

Blbllotheque  nationals  du  Canada 


Tha  imagas  appaaring  hsra  ara  tha  baat  quality 
pouibia  coniidaring  tha  condition  and  lagioility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  ksoping  with  tha 
filming  eoniraet  apscificationa. 


Original  copiai  in  printad  papar  eovara  ara  fllmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impraa- 
aion.  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copiaa  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impraa- 
sion.  and  anding  on  tha  laat  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illuatratad  impraaaion. 


Tha  laat  racordad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
ahall  contain  tha  lymbol  —^  Imaaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  symbol  V  Imaaning  "END"), 
whichavar  appliaa. 

Map*.  Plata*,  charts,  ate.  may  ba  filmad  at 
diffarant  raduction  ratios.  Thosa  too  larga  to  ba 
antiraly  includad  in  ona  axpoaura  ara  filmad 
baginning  in  tha  uppar  laft  hand  cornar.  laft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  framas  sa 
raquirad.  Tha  fallowing  diagrams  illustrata  tha 
mathod: 


La*  imaga*  suivanta*  ont  txi  raproduitas  avac  la 
plu*  grand  soin.  compts  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattat*  da  Taxamplaira  film*,  at  »n 
conformiiA  avac  laa  condition*  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 

Laa  axamplairaa  originaux  dont  la  couvarturs  an 
papior  ast  imprim4a  sont  film**  an  commancant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  la 
dorniara  paga  qui  comports  una  amprainta 
d'imprsssion  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  la  sacond 
plat,  salon  la  eas.  Tous  las  autras  axamplairas 
originaux  son!  filmto  an  commandant  par  la 
pramiAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'impraasion  ou  d'illustration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  darnitra  paga  qui  comporta  una  talla 
amprainta. 

Un  daa  symboia*  auivants  spparaitra  sur  la 
darnitra  imaga  da  chaqua  microficha.  salon  la 
cas:  la  symboia  — *-  signifia  "A  SUIVRE".  la 
symbols  ▼  signifia  "FIN". 

Laa  cartas,  planchas.  tablaaux.  ate.  pauvant  atra 
filmts  i  daa  taux  da  reduction  diffArants. 
Lorsqua  la  doeumant  ast  trop  grand  pour  itra 
raproduit  an  un  saul  clich*.  il  ast  film*  *  psrtir 
da  I'angla  supiriaur  gaucha.  da  gaucha  1  droit*. 
St  ds  haut  »n  baa.  an  pranant  la  nombra 
d'imagaa  nAcassairs.  Laa  diagrammas  suivants 
illuatrant  la  mathoda. 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

MtaOCOfY    RCSOIUTION   TIST   CHAtT 

(ANSI  ond  ISO  TEST  CHART  No   2) 


•d     APPLIED  IIVV1GE     In, 


165 J   Eoat   Moir   Sire. 


4^^- 


THE  INDUSTRIAL  FUTURE 
OF  CANADA 


B.  E.  WALKER 


■Q  cr\ 


r  r  f  " 


V^sl  lA 


THE    INDUSTRIAL    FUTURE 
OF    CANADA 


Ai)DRi:ss    iiv    B,   E.    Walker,    at  the    I  IDtii  Anmal 

J.'AN^UET  op  The  Chamkkk  *>p  Cummrkck   of   ihk 

State  op  New  York,  IIIth  Novkmhek,  liios. 


As  aCanatiian,  gratt'ful  for  what  I  Irariictl  (hirin;.;  several 
years  spent  in  \e\v  York  in  the  serviee  of  the  Hank  i>f  wliieli 
I  am  now  tlie  President,  I  thank  tl.i'  Clian;l)tr  of  Co^miieree 
of  the  Statu  of  New  York,  amf)n^  tlie  nienif)ers  of  whuli  I 
recognize  many  old  friends,  for  the  graceful  eomplinient  they 
are  paying  to  Canada,  and  I  am  also  deeply  sensible  (if  the 
very  great  honour  conferred  upon  myself  in  being  asked  to 
speak  for  my  country  on  this  occasion. 

Just  about  one  hundred  years  ago  you  had  a  population 
of  seven  million  people.  To-day  in  Canaila  we  have  a  ]  Ji>ula- 
tion  of  seven  million  peoj)le.  and  yet  the  first  settlements  in 
Nova  Scotia  and  (Juebec  were  made  practically  at  the  same 
time  as  the  first  settlements  in  M.issachusetts.  New  York  and 
Virginia.  It  is  true  that  nature,  except  perhajis  in  New 
England,  presented  a  much  sterner  front  of  opposition  to  the 
settler  in  Canada  than  in  this  country,  and  it  is  also  true  that 
the  British  races  cf)ming  to  Anterica  were  bent  on  securing 
immeiliate  results  from  trade  and  agriculture  while  the  Frencli 


Hvrc  liriailiinn  nl  v:i>t  ilnl.iTV  altll(nit;li  .Umn  liltlr  lo  scilirc 
or  til  jiiiipl,    it  ;  liui  ilif  chief  iVMM.ii   iiir  llu   rxtninpliiiary 
ililliriimi  ]M  till-  poimlatiun  of  tlic  twn  inunlncs  ilocs  not  lie 
mainly  In    tlu'si'  fads,  vital  as  tluy  w.ti'.      The  .linct  result 
was  that  when  French  Cana.la  passcl  into  tiic  possession  of 
the  Hritisli  tlure  uer,   ahout  lurty  Hritisli  colonists  in  Xorth 
America  to  m,,    I  niicli  ci.Ioiiisi,  ami  altniist  all  the  British 
colonists   were   in    that  part    which    eventually  he-ame   the 
L'niteil    States.       Tie    i'tiport  iiit     lait,    however,    was    Mie 
forming  of  one  nation  oin  of  Mie  thirteen  eolonies,  the  first 
great  act  of   fi  lera  'nn    l-i    the    newer   parts   of    the    worM. 
The  thirteen  separate.l  inms  w'lh  their  rivalries,  even  animos- 
ities, miKht  have  reliellcl  successfully  aKainst  (Ireat  Urituin 
but  they  would  have  Kiven  ,,  very  ilim'rent  account  of  them- 
selves had  it  not  been  for  the  great  act    of    federation.     In 
twenty  years  by  the  l.onisinna  purchase  you  had  .stretched 
to  the  I'.iciHc,  this  anil  aiiotlier  event  in  Canada  ending  all 
hope  of  French  ICmpire  in  America,  and  by  the  middle  of  the 
last  century  you  had  secured  the  entire  area  out  of  which  the 
present  forty-six  States  have  Iiccn  created.    Vour  new  nation 
had  for  its  leaders  in  public  ojiinion  some  of  the  greatest  states- 
men Ame-ica  has  ever  produced,  and  in  that  generation  when 
the  cry  of  the  French  Revolution  for  liberty  and  eciuality  was 
ringing  throngh  many  countries  you  openeil  the  doors  of  a 
great  section  of  the  Temperate  Zone  to  the  distressed  peoples 
of  Europe. 

I. nmi, 'ration  may  have  seemed  slow  to  the  new  republic 
at  first,  jut  b,-  l&iO  there  had  set  in  that  extraordinary  tide 
of  humanity  moving  steadily  in  ever-increasing  numbers  to 
the  United  States  which,  however  you  may  now  value  it,  is 
not  likely  to  .stop. 

Turning  to  iny  own  country,  eighty  yeais  after  you  had 


cnmmcncf.l  yiinrixporiment  tlicn'  wiTr  (uf  si-paralr  stniR- 
giiiiK  ciilnnies  cast  of  Lake  SupiTiur,  t'ach  a  conii'tctc  ficvcrn- 
ment  in  itself.  The  only  attempt  at  union  had  iiren  made 
hy  U  pi  r  and  Lower  Canada,  liut  this  had  not  Ijcen 
successful.  There  were  on  thi  f'acilic  coa.st  two  eoloniis, 
mere  remote  and  somewhat  forlorn  outposls  of  the  Hritisli 
Empire  and  not  in  '.ouili  'vith  the  eastern  .-oliinies. 
Between,  that  is  from  Like  Superior  to  the  coast,  lay  wliat 
has  been  called  the  Creat  l.one  Land,  those  mighty  stretclies 
of  prairie  and  mountain  wdiich  arc  now  attracting  the 
notice  of  the  world,  but  which  were  at  this  time  held 
absolutely  beyimil  the  control  of  the  settled  Provinces  by 
the  Hudson  Bay  Company. 

And  if  the  political  difTiculiies  in  the  way  oi  union  were 
great  the  geographical  ditKculties  seemed  greater.  These 
were  the  days  when  you  were  anxiously  examining  the 
reports  of  the  engineers,  surveyors  and  naturalists  wlio  hn  ! 
searched  your  plains  and  mountains  for  a  route  for  your  first 
transcontinental  railroad.  How  were  we  to  imagine  a  con- 
nection between  Upper  Canada  and  the  prairies  tlirough 
whf.t  we  then  thought  was  a  hopeless  wilderness  of  rock 
north  of  Lake  Superior,  and  how  cross,  beyond  the  ,irairies. 
that  Province  which  in  derision  had  been  described  as  ,i 
sea  of  mountains? 

But  the  whole  land  from  the  .Atlantic  to  the  I>acilic  was 
British,  and  we  did  not  even  then  lack' men  with  vision  who 
dreamed  of  a  British  nation  to  be  made  out  of  what  had  been 
sa,  d  in  North  America.  As  early  as  17Sn  that  intrepid 
opponent  of  the  Huil-  jn  Bay  Company,  Alexander  .Mackenzie, 
had  made  his  canoe  journey  from  Montreal  to  Lake  Athabaska. 
and  from  there  down  to  Arctic  waters  and  back  up  the  great 
river  \vhich  bears  his  n.-me,  and   in   17»;J,  after  travels  in  the 


Peacu  River  country,  he  l,a,l  n'm-  .,n  ov.t  thr  n»,untains  nn.l 
'lown  the  rivrrs  nf  HritisI  ('..Inmliia  unlil,  r.acliinK  tin-  watiTS 
nf  the  I>,-iri(K'  hi'  |.aim.'.|  .,„  a  r.n  k  that,  to  iis,  immortal 
si'iitcnoi':  ".M.xan.liT  Mackc-iizir  l,.mi  Cana^la  l,y  land,  tlio 
twi-nty-sfc„n.l  of  July,  orir  tliousan.l  MV.'ti  luin.lrcl  and  ninety 
three."  When  in  his  retirement  Sir  .\lexan<l<r  Mackenzie 
wrote  his  hook,  he  tol.l  En^lap.!  t.,  ImiM  a  tra.le  route  throuwh 
British  .\orth  .\merica  to  the  I'aeule  an.l  to  take  eare  nf  her 
trade  on  the  North  I'aeihc,  otherwise  Russia  and  tlu^  United 
States  would  own  the  whole  coast. 

And  there  were  not  wanting'  many  others,  (;reat  citizen! 
suchas  Josei.h  Howe,  who  told  his  sceptical  fellow-countrymen 
in  Nova  Scotia  in  the  fifties  that  some  of  them  would  hear 
the  whistle  of  the  locomotive  in  the  Kooky  Mountains,  and 
would  go  to  the  Kioific  from  Halifax  in  five  or  six  days  and 
would  som  day  trade  with  China  and  Japan ;  or  travellers  like 
Professor  Hind,  who  also  in  the  .ifties  presented  to  eastern  eyes 
the  vision  of  a  great  city  on  the  Red  River  where  Winnipeg 
now  stands,  and  who  jaw  in  imagination  the  white  cloud  of 
the  locomotive  as  he  looked  down  from  the  hills  upon  the 
beautiful  valley  of  the  Qu'Appelle. 

There  must  naturally  have  been  those,  also,  who  thought 
the  racial  difficulties  quite  as  great  as  the  political  and 
geographical  difficulties.  Could  we  make  a  Bntish  nation 
with  so  large  an  admixture  of  people  of  French  origin?  The 
Canadians  of  British  descent,  many  of  whom  have  since 
learned  the  French  history  of  their  own  country  from  your 
Parkman,  did  not  know  how  passionately  the  Canr.dian  of 
French  descent  loves  Canada,  how  proud  he  is  of  its  wonder- 
fully romantic  past,  ur  how  thoroughly  his  thoughtful  leaders 
have  recognized  that,  being  cut  ofT  forever  from  France,  with 
which  he  is  now  scarcely  even  in  harmony,  he  confides  abso- 


lutcly  in  hisriKhts  ui„Irr  th,  li -iIiHti  irown  lur  tliat  lull  ni.asur.- 
of  tivil  iin.l  reliKidus  lil,.  rty  iin.ssary  i,,  I, is  pri-s.'tit  happinoss 
and  his  future  pn.sp,  rity  Uliin  «.■  ioiisi.l.rcd  the  <,th.T 
Canadians  wo  fouiil  ,!„■  lliKlilan.lcr  in  Neva  Sc.tia.  in 
UppiT  C.-.tiada  and  in  isi.lattd  5p.,ts  in  tlii'  fur-trading  wvst, 
diuKint;  as  liu  ,],„■.  still  in  Cap,.  Br.inn  an.l  „n  thr  St.  i-awn-nif 
in  Ontarici   t<,  I  la.lic  spcfi-ii  and  his  Hi^hlani'  .    <i„nis. 

until  we  sa>  that  wi-  ar<  iii.,ri-  llijjhland  in  sunir  p;.  ••.  ,  Can- 
ada than  in  l!ic  hills  ..i  S.mland.  and  the  oilier  Canadian 
Sco'  'inien  who  were  everywhere  and  who  ,  ven  ,i,nv  in 
Oniariu  need  not  lose  the  hreadth  of  aee.  nt  for  want  of  a 
fellow  Stot  to  crack  a  joke  with;  an.l  the  Hnjilish  Canadians 
also  everywhere,  particularly  in  far  liritish  Columbia  and 
Vancouver  Island ;  in,l  the  Irish  ami  Welsh  in  lesser  nuniliers, 
and  some  of  Gc  lan  an.l  other  descent  but  all  strongly 
British  in  sentin  ..,;  and  foremost  of  all  the  United  Empire 
Loyalists,  t'le  ilescen.iants  of  the  men  who  jjave  up  everything 
for  their  King  and,  leaving  your  land,  s.iught  homes  in  the 
unbroken  forests  of  Upper  Car  an.l  Xova  Scotia,  .Now 
that  their  praises  have  been  sunj  .,y  an  American  historian 
I  need  not  hesitate  to  mention  them  with  honour  merely 
because  they  .lifltered  from  the  other  greatdieaned  colonists 
who  also  took  their  lives  in  their  han.ls  for  what  they  .leemed 
the  best  cause. 

We  hail  no  dark-skinned  people  or  subject  races,  except 
the  few  Indians  whom  we  understoo.l  ami  wh.ise  claims  we 
have  always  respected.  After  all,  this  was  not  l.a.l  material 
out  of  which  to  buil.l  a  nation,  and  whatever  the  future  might 
have  in  store  for  thein,  it  was  a  vain  imagination  to  think  that 
they  could  ever  be  anything  but  British.  We  had  watched 
you  keenly  and  surely  often  with  an  envious  eye,  recognizing 
the  enormous  value  of  your  federation,  but  concluding 
i 


that   in    some  details  we,  if  we  could  do   it  at  all,   would 
do  it  differently.     And  so  the  Fathers  met  and  the  plan  for  the 
federation  of  Canada  inside  the  British  Empire  came  about 
in  I8G7.     We  concluded  to  give  certain  more  or  less  deHnite 
but  restricted  powers  to  the  Provinces,  placing  the  residuum 
of  power  in  the  federal  government,  and  thus  reversing  your 
system.     In  this  way    Banking,  to    which    I    shall    refer,  is 
controlled  entirely  by  the  Dominion  Government .     The  British 
North  American  Provinces  then  existing,  except  Newfound- 
land, all  came  into  the  Confederation  within  a  few  years,  and 
in   1870,  but  not  until  then,  we  at  last  secured  the  great 
prairies  of  the  west  from  the  Hudson  Bay  Company.     Under 
the    agreement    made  when    British    Columbia    came    into 
Confederation  we  were  to   build  a   trans-continent. d  railway 
connecting    the    Atlantic    with    the    PaciHc,    and    some    of 
you  know  the  trials  and  tribulations  we  experienced  before 
the  great  enterprise   was  finished  in   1880.     Xeariy   twenty 
years  had  elapsed  after  the  Act  of  Confederation  before  we  were 
ready  to  ask  tlie  foreigner  to  come  and  spy  out  the  land  of  the 
West  an<i,  if  it  seemed  good,  to  stay.     Settlement  was  slow 
at  first,  but  the  sons  of  Ontario  farmers  and  many  from  the 
Maritime  Provinces  began  to  take  up  the  land,  and  tales  of  its 
wonderful  fertility  began  to  receive  a  tardy  acceptance  from 
a  critical  worid.     Some  of  us  ventured  to  say  before   1890 
that  the  first  great  movement  of  the  land  seeker  into  that  coun- 
try would  take  place  in  the  United  States.     It  seemed  that 
they    alone    would    understand   as   quickly   as   our   Eastern 
Canadians  the  value  of  the  country  (and  as  it  now  turns  out 
they  understand  it  much  better);  that  at  the  moment  when 
the  pressure  of  eighty  or  ninety  millions  of  people  caused  the 
price  of  farm  lands  to  go  beyond  the  possibilities  of  ownership 
for  the  men  without  capital,  and  the  American  farmer,  used 
to  owning  his  land,  must  in  many  cases  be  only  a  tenant  or  a 


renter,  they,  the  American  people  of  the  West,  would  begin 
to  go  into  our  country.  All  the  forces  of  nature  were  on  our 
side,  but  nature  takes  her  own  time.  Nature,  however,  was 
greatly  aided  by  the  high  intelligence  and  great  energy  of  the 
Hon.  Mr.  Sifton,  one  of  your  gue.sts  to-night,  who  as  Minister 
of  the  Interior  put  the  facts  before  your  Western  people  in 
several  campaigns  of  advertising.  The  movement  lias  now 
begun  and  into  the  extensive  areas  represented  by  our  unoc- 
cupied lands  this  great  colonizing  force  will  co.ninue  to  press 
its  way  as  long  as  any  cheap  lands  are  left.  The  movement 
from  Great  Britain  and  from  European  and  Asiatic  countries 
is  also  fully  under  way,  and  we  liave  aIre:Ldy  in  a  small  ilegree 
some  of  the  immigration  problems  which  trouble  you. 

If  those  here  to-night  are  to  understand  the  responsi- 
bilities which  fall  upon  the  population  already  in  tlie 
country  by  the  coming  of  the  iimnigrants  we  must  multiply 
the  number  of  our  people  by  twelve  or  thirteen  in  order  to 
make  a  comparison  with  your  nation  of  eighty  or  ninety 
millions.  If  we  do  this  we  tin.l  that  our  immigration  of 
over  250,000  in  the  fiscal  year  1907-8  is  c(|ual  in  your 
case  to  an  immi /ration  of  about  .3,000,000  in  one  year. 
No  proportionate  responsibility,  therefore,  has  e\er  fallen 
upon  the  United  States,  especially  if  we  consider  the  exacting 
demands  of  the  modern  immigrant  as  compared  with  the  land 
seeker  of  thirty  or  forty  years  ago  wlio  trekked  with  a  prairie 
schooner  hundreds  of  miles  into  the  unknown  and  did 
not  expect  much  in  the  way  of  immediate  comfort.  The 
greatest  difficulty  in  all  new  settlements  is  of  course  trans- 
portation and  we  are  building  railroads  at  the  rate  of  a 
thousand  or  more  miles  per  annum,  equal,  relatively  to  popu- 
lation, to  twelve  or  thirteen  thousand  miles  per  annum  in  the 
United  States,  but  hardly  sufficient  for  our  needs,  when  con- 
sidered in  respect  to  the  great  areas  being  put  under  settle- 


ment.    In  the  last  ten  years  our  railroad  mileage  has  increased 
from  1  n.584  in  189,S  to  22.4.52  in  1907,    All  railroad  building  in 
the  U  est  ,s  being  done  by  three  great  compa.iies,  and  in  a  few 
years   we    shall   doubtless    have  three   completely  equipped 
transcontinental  railroad  systems,  truly  a  remarkable  aceom- 
phshment    for    seven    or  eight   million    people.       Next    to 
tran,sportation,    adequate   banking   is  one   of   the   most  im- 
portant   requisites.        The    number    of     bank     branches    in 
Canada    is    1,900.     m     comparison     with     about    G40     ten 
years  ago,      Multiplie.l    by  twelve   this   would   mean    •»  gOO 
banks  in  the  United  States,  and  the  fact  that  we  are  so  abund- 
antly supplied  should  check  somewhat  the  silly  statement 
frequently  made  in  the  Western  States,  to  the  effect  that  small 
communities  are  better  serve.!  by  individual  and  local  banks 
than  by  the  branches  of  large  banks  having  their  head  ofKces 
m  the  monetary  centres.     The  growth  in  railroads  and  banking 
wdl  suggest  without  further  <letail  how  great  has  been  the 
strain  of  providing  new  towns,  new  schools,  churches,  teach- 
ers, doctors,  lawyers,  trading  people  of  all  classes,  the  early 
stages  of  manufacturing  and  all  the  other  accessories  of  civil- 
ization.    The  history  of  the  settlement  of  your  great  West 
shows  in  a  large  way  what  we  are  doing  in  a  smaller  degree. 
Statistics  are  wearying    things,  especially    after    dinner 
and  in  any  event  there  is  not  time  enough  at  my  disposal 
in  which  to  enter  upon  the  various  phases  of  industrialism 
which    have   lately    shown    surprising    growth    in    Canada 
ansing    largely    out    of    this    Western    settlement,      I    can' 
however,  indicate  this  growth  in  a  few  words    by  the  figures' 
of  our  foreign  trade.     In  1899  our  imports  were  S149,346  000 
our  exports  .S1.50.:!2I,000  and  our  total  foreign  trade  $299.-' 
667,000,     In  1908  our  imports  were  .5341,931.000.  our  exports 
$273,002,000   and   our   total    foreign    trade    8614,993,000,    a 


Browth  of  over  100  per  cent,  in  ten  years.     For  the  first  five 
years  of  the  period  in  ,,uestion  our  exports  moderately  exceed- 
ed our  imports.     For  the  last  five  our  imports  largely  exeee.l 
our  exports.      You  will  understand  better  than  some  Euro- 
peans that  we  eannot  build  railroads  an,l  in  a  general  way 
put  a  new  country  in  a  condition  fit  lor  settlement    without 
mortgaging  the  future.    And  this  may  be  a  good  time  to  say  a 
few  words  without  offence,  I  hope,  regarding  the  relations  of 
the  United  States  to  our  foreign  trade  and  also  to  the  foreign 
buying   of   our   securities  by  which  the  difference  between 
our  imports  and  our  exports  must  be  met.     In  the  last  ten 
years  we  have  bought  from  Great  Britain  to  the  extent  of 
$099,047,000,   from   the   United   States   Sl,4;iO,S,J2  000  and 
from  other  countries  8271,4.30,000,  in  all  $2,:m:.m  000      In 
the  same  time  we  have  sold  to  Great  Britain  to  the  extent  of 
$1,174„3S5,000,  to  the  United  States  $747,290,000  and  to  other 
countries  .$22.i,o4.5,00U,  in  all  .?2,14,S,22U,000.     It  use.l  to  be 
thought  that  while  nations  settle  their  accounts  with  bills  of 
exchange  and  other  forms  of  money,   in   reality   they  only 
exchange  goods  with  each  other;  and  also  that  if  one  nation 
bought  from  another  very  largely  in  excess  of  its  power  to  pay 
m  goods   it  must   look    to  the  nation  it  was  buying  from  so 
largely  to  buy  the  securities  which  must  be  sold  to  pay  the  bal- 
ance.    But   apparently   we    have   changed   all    that      Great 
Britain  takes  our  products  far  beyond  our  purchases  from 
her,  and  buys  our  securities  as  well.     You  sell  us  60  per  cent 
of  our  imports,  but  buy  only  li,  per  cent,  of  our  exports  and 
rarely  buy  our  securities.     It  is  true  that  we  are  improving  our 
purchases  from  England,  and  that  you  are  improving  vour  pur- 
chases from    us  and  even  occasionally  taking  an  interest  in 
our  secunt.es,  but  I  invite  your  deepest,  most  broad-minded 
and  wisest  consideration  of  these  most  striking  figures    and 
I  ask  you  whether  you  think  it  is  likely  that  trading  relations 


so  one-sided  can  continue  forever.  Beyond  a  peradventure 
if  you  do  not  open  your  doors  a  little  more  liberally  to  us,  so 
that  we  can  more  nearly  pay  you  in  fnoris  instead  of  always 
drawing  on  London  for  the  purchase  price  of  what  she  has 
bought  from  us  in  order  to  pay  you,  you  will  leave  us  no 
alternative  but  to  keep  up  our  tarifi  walls  until  we 
can  create  at  home  almost  every  manufactured  thing  you 
sell  us  on  the  one  hand,  while  on  the  other  we  seek  trade 
preferably  with  any  nation  which  takes  pay  in  goods  so  as 
to  lessen  our  payment  of  actual  money  to  you.  Believe 
me,  my  dear  friends,  I  am  bold  enough  to  say  these  things 
because  some  one  should  say  them  and  because  you  of  all 
bodies  in  the  United  States  are  the  one  to  which  they  should 
be  said. 

I  have  already  spoken  quite  too  long  and  I  shall  trespass 
further  on    your  patience  only  for  a  few   minutes.     I   was 
particularly  requested  to  say  something  regarding  our  banking 
system,  but  I  have  so  recently  spoken  to  the  American  Bankers 
Associatii-i   regarding  yours  that  I  hesitate  to  refer  to  the 
subject  again,  further  than  to  add  to  my  remarks  at  Denver 
regarding   what   Alexander   Hamilton    had   tried   to   do   in 
banking  for  the  United  States,  the  fact  that  when  you  threw 
his  system  overboard  we  picked  it  up  and  based  our  Prst 
charters  largely  on  the  charter  of  the  first  United  States  Bank; 
and  that  we  ha^■e  clung  to  this,  building  it  up  to  suit  our 
purposes,  until  we  have  a  system  which,  whether  suitable  for 
other  countries  or  not,  admirably  serves  our  purposes  both 
as  to  the  individual  and  as  to  the  nation  as  a  whole.     The 
dilTerence  between  the  two  countries  stated    in  the  smallest 
compass  is  that  instead  of  about  17,000  individual  banks  we 
have   30  banks  with    1900   branches,  and  these  banks  being 
few  in  number,  and  each  large  in  capital  and  importance,  they 


arc.  tru.stcl  i„  manaRe  their  own  reserves,  to  issue  cre.iit  notes 
to  hoW  the  deposits  of  the  Government-one  l^einj;  seleeter! 
as  the  chief  banker  for  all  important  Government  business- 
and  to  open  branches  even  in  foreiKn  countries,  thus  .levelop- 
mg  not  only  a  local  but  a  jjreat  international  force  in  the 
finances  and  trade  of  the  country. 

And  now  let  me  set  out  in  a  few  words  some  of  the  reasons 
why  we  have   faith  in  the  future  of  Canada.     We   have  a 
eountry  about   the  same  size  as  the   United  States  proper 
that  ,s  without  any  of  its  outside  possessions.      It  used  to  be 
thouglit  that  for  all  practical  purposes  much  of  it  was  too 
fns.d  to  be  worth  anythmg.  just  as  thirtv  vears  ago  it  used 
to  be  thouglit.  even  at  Washington,   that  one-third  of  the 
United  States  was  too  arid  or  too  bad  othenvise    for  settle- 
ment.    Xeither   the   one   statement   nor   the   other   is    true 
What  is  true  is  that  the  world  is  being  startled  by  cereals 
grown   further  an-l    further  north,   which   actually   seem   to 
impnn-e  in  quality  the  further  north  you  go.     The  prairie 
provinces    as   yet   produce   only  about   200  million   bushek 
of  cereals,  an<I    I    am    not  going    to    be    so    foolish    as   to 
estimate    what    they  will    yield    in    the  future,  but    clearly 
the    quantity     will     eventually    be    enormous.       Once    we 
should     have    said     that    our    timber    was    irexhaustible 
but   now  we  know  that  that    is   true  of  no    country   in  the 
world.     But  this  much  can  be  said  that,  if  we   are  willinK 
to  learn   the   lessons  in   forestry   now  being   taught   in   our 
Universities  and  in  our  forestry  journals  and  by  the  experience 
of  our  lumbermen,   there  is  no  reason  why  we  should  not 
have  most  extensive  forested  areas  from  which  great  national 
wealth  can   be  drawn   for  all  time.     We  own  more  fishing 
waters  than  any  other  nation,   although  too  many  of  our 
fnends  wish  to  fish  in  them.     We  have  iron,  nickel,  copper  and 
coal  enough  to  rank  with  the  greatest  nations  in  this  respect 


and  while  we  are  only  about  the  eighth  nation  in  gold,  we 
begin  to  look  important  in  silver  with  the  Cobalt  camp  turning 
out  about  $1,000,1)00  a  month.      The  intensive  farming  in 
Ontario  has  resulted  in  our  becoming  one  of  the  great  dairy 
countries  and  our  importance  in  breeding  horses,  cattle  and 
other  domestic  animals  is  well  known.     In   manufacturing, 
whde  our  figures  are  trifling  compared  with  vours.  we  are 
making  great  strides,  partly  as  the  result  of  the  naturally 
enlarged  markets  in  Canada,  but  also  because  we  are  beginning 
to  seek  a  share,  in  some  branches  of  manufactures,  in  those 
markets   which   are  open   to   the   world's  competition.      No 
one  can  at   present   estimate  the  extent  in  horse  power  or 
the  value  in  money  of  our  water  powers,  which  probably  in 
these  respects  exceed  those  of  any  other  nation  in  the  world. 
We  have  a  land  most  of  which  receives  at  least  the  average 
rainfall,  with  a  summer  climate  almost  everywhere  which  would 
please  the  most  fastidious  and  a  winter  climate  which  to  the 
native-bora  at  least  is  a  thing  of  beauty  and  a  joy  forever      We 
share  with  you  the  great  lakes,  and  we  have  at  least  twelve  or 
fifteen  great  river  systems  any  of  which  should  be  remarkable 
among  the  river  systems  of  the  world,  besides  unnumbered 
smaller  lakes  and  rivers.     Finally  we  are  a  contented  people 
with  a  f...e  birth-rate,  with  hardly  any  illiteracy,  loving  law 
and  order  and  insisting  on  it  in  every  mining  camp  and  on 
the  rudest  frontier  line.     We  hope  to  build  up  a  nation  as  free 
as  any  m  the  world,  with  our  own  peculiar  institutions  with 
a  share  of  some  kind  in  the  British  Empire,  and  with  relations 
with  your  great  country  which  should  through  the  coming 
ages  be  of  benefit  to  both  nations  materially,  intellectually 
and  ethically. 


